Introduction
Male infertility is a global health concern that affects millions of couples and contributes to approximately half of all infertility cases worldwide. Despite its prevalence, male infertility is frequently underdiagnosed and undertreated due to social stigma and limited public awareness. Andrology provides the scientific and clinical framework necessary to understand, diagnose, and manage male infertility effectively.
Etiology of Male Infertility
The causes of male infertility are multifactorial and may be classified as pre-testicular, testicular, or post-testicular. Hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, infections, testicular trauma, environmental toxins, and lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption, and chronic stress all negatively affect sperm production and function.
Diagnostic Process in Andrology
Andrological evaluation begins with a comprehensive medical and reproductive history, followed by physical examination and semen analysis. Advanced diagnostics include hormonal profiling, genetic testing, erotic testing, scrotal ultrasonography, sperm DNA fragmentation analysis, and testicular biopsy when indicated. These tools allow precise identification of underlying pathologies.
Treatment Strategies
Treatment is individualized based on etiology and may include hormonal therapy, surgical intervention, lifestyle modification, antioxidant supplementation, or assisted reproductive technologies such as intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization. Andrology prioritizes restoring natural fertility whenever feasible.
Conclusion
Male infertility is often treatable with proper andrological care. Early diagnosis and targeted treatment significantly improve reproductive outcomes and psychological well-being.